LI5 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


A  HISTORY 


Public  Education  Association 


OF  PHILADELPHIA 


LEWIS  R.  HARLEY,  PH.  D. 

LATE   HONORARY   FELLOW  IN    THE   UNIVERSITY  OF   PENNSYLVANIA 


WITH  AN  INTRODUCTION 


EDMUND  J.  JAMES 

PROFESSOR  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


PUBLIC   EDUCATION    ASSOCIATION 

PHILADELPHIA 
1896 


CONTENTS. 

PAOK 

Introduction  by  Edmund  J.  James 3 

Early  History  of  the  Association 9 

Rules  of  the  Association 12 

The  Superintendency  of  the  Schools 14 

Sewing  in  the  Schools 16 

Manual  Training 17 

Cooking  in  the  Schools 20 

Exhibition  of  School  Work 22 

Manual  Training  High  School  for  Girls 26 

The  Kindergarten 26 

The  Board  of  Education 27 

Other  Work  of  the  Association 37 

Appendix  I. — Officers  of  the  Association  1881-1895 40 

Appendix  II. — List  of  Meetings  of  the  Association 42 

Appendix  III. — Treasurer's  Report 42 

Appendix  IV. — List  of  Members  of  the  Association  from  1881-1896  .  45 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  last  fifteen  years  have  constituted  an  important  period 
in  the  history  of  public  education  in  Philadelphia.  During 
this  time  many  improvements  have  been  made  and  a  number 
of  movements  inaugurated  which  are  destined  to  result  in  still 
further  progress. 

The  establishment  of  the  principle  of  supervision,  as  incor- 
porated in  the  superintendency  and  in  the  institution  of  super- 
vising principalships ; 

The  opening  of  two  manual  training  high  schools,  and  the 
complete  vindication  of  the  wisdom  of  the  movement  for 
"l^  manual  training  afforded  by  the  success  of  these  schools ; 

vj 

Sj!      The  introduction  of  manual  training  and  sewing  into  the 
^  lower  schools ; 

si^ 

\      The  recognition  of  the  necessity  of  training  the  taste  of  the 

t\  pupils  as  well  as  their  intellects,  shown,  among  other  things 

x- 

i   by  the  growing  attention  to  school-room  decoration ; 
» 
i       The  introduction  of  the  principles  of  household  training — 

NJ 

1  notably  cooking  in  the  City  Normal  School  for  Girls ; 
^       The  separation  of  the  Normal  from  the  Girls'  High  School 
i3  and  the  adequate  development  and  equipment  of  each  of  these 
great  institutions ; 

The  passage  of  a  compulsory  school  law ; 

(3) 


4 

The  development  of  facilities  for  the  training  of  teachers  at 
the  University ; 

The  increase  ot  opportunities  for  the  training  of  teachers  in 
vacation  time  in  connection  with  the  University  Extension 
Summer  Meeting; 

The  greatly  increased  interest  and  pride  of  the  community 
in  our  public  school  system  stimulated  by  such  exhibitions  of 
the  work  of  pupils  as  that  held  in  Horticultural  Hall  in  May, 
1 888 — surely  all  these  taken  together  constitute  most  sub- 
stantial progress. 

The  time  is  rapidly  coming  when  Philadelphia  will  take  as 
much  pride  and  interest  in  its  public  schools  as  does  Boston 
or  Chicago ;  when  the  last  vestiges  of  that  harmful  feeling  so 
long  prevalent  in  this  city  that  the  public  schools  are  for 
the  poor,  will  have  disappeared — a  feeling  which  can  be  easily 
explained  on  account  of  the  origin  of  the  public  school 
system ;  *  but  a  feeling  which  is  certainly  in  these  days  no 
longer  justified. 

In  the  great  work  of  these  last  years,  the  Public  Education 
Association  can  fairly  claim  to  have  played  an  important  part. 
It  has  aided  all  the  movements  for  the  better ;  it  has  itself 
instituted  and  carried  through  some  of  the  most  important. 
In  doing  this,  it  has  followed  worthily  in  the  footsteps  of  many 
preceding  associations  of  similar  aim ;  for  nearly  every  great 


*  Cf.  C.  S.  Bernheimer,  "  Public  Education  in  Philadelphia."  With 
an  Introduction  by  Edmund  J.  James.  Published  by  the  Public  Edu- 
cation Association,  1896. 


5 

improvement  in  our  public  school  system — nay  even  the 
establishment  of  that  public  school  system  itself — has  been 
brought  about  by  the  efforts  of  some  voluntary  association  of 
public  spirited  citizens,  in  sympathy  with,  though  not  a  part 
of,  the  public  school  system.*  This  is  true  even  though  the 
first  thought  of  the  improvement  may  in  some  cases  have 
been  owing  to  men  engaged  in  the  system  either  as  teachers 
or  as  members  of  school  boards.  What  the  Association  has 
done  and  tried  to  do  is  told  more  fully  in  the  following  pages 
by  Dr.  Harley,  and  on  page  38  is  given  a  brief  summary  ot 
the  directions  in  which  it  has  been  active. 

The  work  is,  however,  not  by  any  means  all  done.  Eternal 
vigilance  is  the  price  of  success.  The  existence  of  some  such 
association  as  this  is  necessary  to  the  highest  welfare  of  the 
schools.  Standing  outside  of  the  school  system,  this  body  is 
always  watching  its  workings,  willing  to  lend  a  helping  hand 
whenever  an  old  abuse  is  to  be  abolished  or  a  new  improve- 
ment introduced — ready  to  throw  the  weight  of  its  influence 
in  favor  of  those  forces  which  make  for  progress  in  our 
schools  and  to  ward  off  all  attacks  upon  their  existence  or 
efficiency,  whether  they  come  from  openly  avowed  enemies  of 
the  schools  or  from  those  still  more  dangerous  enemies  who, 
under  the  guise  of  friendship  and  sympathy,  seek  merely  to 
use  the  schools  to  advance  their  own  private  or  political  ends. 

The  Association  may  rightly  ask  all  public  spirited  citizens 
to  aid  in  this  work. 


Cf.  C.  S.  Beruheiaier,  "Public  Education  in  Philadelphia." 


6 

The  immediate  task  before  the  Association  is : 

(1)  To  assist  in  the  movement  to  reform  the  present  system 
of  educational  administration  in  the  city.     For  six  years  past 
the  Association  has  labored  to  persuade  the  community  and 
the  Legislature  that  the  relations  between  the  local  and  central 
school  boards  are  not  such  as  they  should  be.     The  existing 
plan  involves    irresponsibility,  wastefulness    and  inefficiency. 
The  powers  of  the  Central  Board  should  be  strengthened  at 
least  to  such  a  point  as  to  enable  it  to  exercise  a  thorough  and 
efficient  control  over  the  equipment  of  the  school  houses,  the 
character  of  the  teaching  and  the  assignment  of  pupils; 

(2)  To  assist  in  enforcing  the  new  compulsory  school  law 
which,  from  present  indications,  is  destined  to  remain  largely 
a  dead  letter  unless  public  attention  is  thoroughly  aroused  to 
its  importance ; 

(3)  To  aid  in  the  development  of  the  rapidly  growing  interest 
in  the  training  of  children  along  esthetic,  moral  and  physical, 
as  well  as  intellectual,  lines ; 

(4)  A  continuance  in  its  persistent  efforts  to  arouse  and  con- 
centrate public  interest  in  the  schools ;  for  after  all,  the  rapid 
and  permanent  improvement  of  the  public  school  system  must 
rest  upon  an  intelligent  and  pervasive  public  interest  in  the 
schools  themselves. 

In  publishing  this  brief  account  of  the  work  of  the  Public 
Education  Association,  it  is  proper  to  refer  to  the  distinguished 
services  of  Dr.  James  MacAlister  to  the  cause  of  public  educa- 
tion in  this  city ;  first  as  Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  later 
as  President  of  the  Drexel  Institute,  which,  under  his  direction, 


7 

has  become  a  most  valuable  supplement  to  the  existing  agen- 
cies in  this  community  for  public  education.  Nor  should  we 
members  of  the  Association  forget  the  earnest  and  self-sacrifi- 
cing labors  of  Miss  Charlotte  Pendleton,  who  first  suggested 
the  organization  of  the  Association,  as  its  Secretary  during  the 
twelve  years  in  which  it  has  been  most  active.  It  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  without  her  important  and  continuous  labors 
the  work  of  which  we  have  reason  to  be  proud  could  not  have 
been  accomplished. 

The  Association  should,  moreover,  hold  in  special  honor  the 
memory  of  two  of  its  earliest  and  most  active  members :  Ed- 
ward T.  Steel  and  Mrs.  J.  Dundas  Lippincott  To  their 
unwearied  efforts  the  Association  owes  much  of  its  success, 
and  for  their  devotion  to  the  interests  of  public  education  in 
this  community  every  Philadelphian  should  be  grateful. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES, 

Chairman. 
University  of  Pennsylvania, 

January  i,  1896. 


THE   PUBLIC    EDUCATION    ASSOCIATION   OF 
PHILADELPHIA. 


EARLY   HISTORY. 

The  desirability  of  improving  the  school  system  of  Phila- 
delphia has  given  rise  to  a  number  of  voluntary  associations, 
which  have  been  actively  engaged  for  several  years  in  urging 
reforms  and  promoting  the  development  of  the  schools  in 
various  ways.  Among  the  most  active  of  these  organizations 
has  been  the  Public  Education  Association  of  Philadelphia. 

This  association,  like  some  of  its  predecessors,  grew  out  of 
charity  work.*  Its  source  was  the  Committee  on  the  Care  and 
Education  of  Dependent  Children  of  the  Society  for  Organizing 
Charity.  When  the  charity  organization  was  founded  in  1 880, 
it  appointed  five  general  committees  to  formulate  and  direct  its 
work.  Miss  Pendleton  was  one  of  the  five  original  members 
ot  the  Committee  on  the  Care  and  Education  of  Dependent 
Children,  and  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  Committee,  she  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  sub-committee.  At  this  meeting, 
held  November  27,  1880,  the  following  resolution  was  adopted : 

Resolved,  that  a  sub-committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  study 
and  report  upon  compulsory  and  industrial  education. 

The  chair  appointed  the  following  committee :  Miss  Pendle- 
ton, Miss  Hallowell,  Mrs.  Gillingham,  Jos.  S.  Whitney  and 
Professor  R.  E.  Thompson. 

The  work  of  the  sub-committee  was  subdivided,  Miss  Pen- 
dleton taking  up  the  question  of  Compulsory  and  Industrial 
Education,  and  Miss  Hallowell  the  Care  of  Dependent  Chil- 
dren. Out  of  Miss  Pendleton's  work  grew  the  Public  Educa- 
tion Association  ;  out  of  Miss  Hallowell's  the  Sub-Primary 
Society. 

*Cf.  C.  S.  Bernheimer,  "  Public  Education  in  Philadelphia,"  Public 
Education  Association,  1896. 

(9) 


10 

At  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Assembly  Committee  of 
the  Philadelphia  Society  for  Organizing  Charity,  held  Janu- 
ary 8,  1 88 1,  to  consider  compulsory  and  industrial  education 
great  interest  was  shown  in  these  subjects  by  those  present. 
Addresses  were  made  by  Judges  Pierce  and  Tourgee,  Pro- 
fessor R.  E.  Thompson  and  Mr.  Charles  G.  Leland.  Speaking 
of  compulsory  education,  Judge  Tourgee  said  that  he  had 
positive  convictions  on  the  subject,  as  his  life  had  been  spent 
where  education  was  conspicuous  for  its  absence.  As  a  mere 
police  preventive  against  pauperism,  he  insisted  that  every 
citizen  should  know  at  least  the  "three  R's,"  and  that  the  right 
of  a  nation  to  impose  education  is  simply  the  right  of  self- 
defence  in  another  form. 

Before  the  committee  had  finished  their  report,  it  was  realized 
that  here  was  a  field  of  great  usefulness,  and  that  it  should  be 
extended  beyond  the  limits  of  dependent  children  to  the 
whole  field  of  public  education.* 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Assembly  March  7,  1881,  Miss 
Charlotte  Pendleton  read  the  report  on  compulsory  and  in- 
dustrial education  under  the  four  heads  :  (i)  what  is  taught 
in  the  public  schools ;  (2)  what  should  be  taught ;  (3)  how 
many  children  are  out  of  school ;  (4)  why  are  they  out. 

Miss  Pendleton  reported  that  in  1879  there  were  103,567 
pupils  in  the  city  schools  : 

High  School, 495  boys. 

Normal  School, 975  girls. 

School  of  Practice, 307     " 

Grammar  schools,      .    .  7,243  boys  and    7,838     " 
Consolidated  schools,  .     3,869  3,5  5 1     " 

Secondary  schools,      .12,724         "          13,585     " 
Primary  schools,      .    .  27,138         "         25,842     " 
The  grade  of  the  schools  was  not  uniform  owing  chiefly  to 
the  lack  of  a  superintendent.     Drawing  was  the  only  subject 

*The  development  was  very  similar  to  that  in  the  early  days  regarding 
free  schools  themselves.  Cf.  Bernheimer's  "  Public  Education  in  Phila- 
delphia." 


II 

given  to  develop  dexterity  of  the  hand.  More  than  2 1 ,000 
children  were  out  of  school.  At  least  5000  had  been  refused 
for  lack  of  accommodations.  A  large  number  were  illegally 
employed  in  factories,  besides  which  there  were  many  dere- 
lict and  neglected  children.  Miss  Pendleton's  report  con- 
tained a  clause  suggesting  the  foundation  of  an  education 
association,  and  the  meeting  appointed  a  special  committee, 
consisting  of  Mr.  George  L.  Harrison,  Mr.  James  S.  Whitney 
and  Miss  Pendleton,  to  take  charge  of  the  recommendation. 
The  committee  consulted  such  persons  as  Mr.  Charles 
Francis  Adams,  Jr.,  Dr.  John  D.  Philbrick,  Miss  Lucretia  P. 
Hale,  Mr.  J.  P.  Wickersham,  Mr.  Edward  T.  Steel  and  Mr. 
Charles  G.  Leland.  The  queries  submitted  to  them  were : 

1.  Do  you  approve  of  compulsory  education  ? 

2.  If  you  disapprove,  how  do  you  propose  to  fill  the  schools  ? 

3.  If  you  approve,  do  you   recommend  the  public  school 
system,  or  a  semi-industrial  system  ? 

4.  Do  you  approve  of  drawing,  the  use  of  tools  and  sewing 
in  the  schools  ? 

5.  Do  you  approve  of  Froebel's  Kindergarten  System  ? 

6.  At  what  age  should  the  education  of  the  child  by  the 
State  begin  ? 

7.  Do  you  approve   of  State  schools  of  handicraft,  or  of 
subsidies  from  the  State  to  such  schools  ? 

While  differing  in  regard  to  many  points,  there  was  una- 
nimity of  opinion  in  matters  of  practical  application.  These 
gentlemen  also  favored  the  formation  of  an  education  associa- 
tion. A  committee  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Mr.  James  S. 
Whitney,  Mr.  Charles  G.  Leland,  Mr.  Edward  Shippen  and 
Miss  Pendleton,  to  prepare  rules  and  by-laws.  The  special 
committee  of  the  Assembly  reported  that  steps  had  been  taken 
to  form  the  association  and  asked  to  be  discharged. 

Thus  the  persons  who  had  met  to  discuss  the  advisability 
of  forming  it  became  the  nucleus  of  the  Public  Education 
Association.  The  Committee  on  Rules  made  a  report  at  a 
meeting  held  early  in  May,  1881,  and  under  the  rules 


12 

adopted  at  this  meeting  the  following  executive  committee  was 
elected : 

r  MRS.  ROBERT  HARFORD  HARE, 
To  serve  one  year<  Miss  PENDLETON, 
(PROFESSOR  BARKER. 
(  MR.  ROBERT  E.  PATTISON, 
To  serve  two  years  <  Miss  MEREDITH, 

I  MR.  CHARLES  G.  LELAND. 

{MR.  JAMES  S.  WHITNEY, 
Miss  IRWIN, 
MR.  E.  COPPEE  MITCHELL. 

RULES  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

The  following  rules  were  adopted  at  this  meeting : 

1.  The  name  of  the  Association  shall  be  the  Public  Edu- 
cation Association  of  Philadelphia. 

2.  The  object  of  the  Association  is  to  promote  the  efficiency 
and  to  perfect  the  system  of  education  in  Philadelphia ;  by 
attracting  general  attention  to  its  errors  and  defects  ;  through 
appeals  to  the  local  authorities  and  to  the  Legislature  when 
needful,  and  through  such  other  means  as  may  from  time  to 
time  be  deemed  expedient — becoming  thus  a  medium  for  the 
expression  of  public  opinion — and   especially  to  take  such 
measures  as  may  be  feasible  to  bring  under  instruction  the 
thousands  of  children  now  growing  up  in  ignorance. 

3.  The  Association  shall  consist  of  those  persons  whose 
names  are  appended  to  this  paper,  and  of  such  others  as  may 
from  time  to  time  be  elected,  as  hereinafter  provided. 

4.  The  management  of  the  Association  shall  be  vested  in 
an  Executive  Committee,  to  consist  of  nine  members,  chosen 
by  ballot  by  the  Association.     The  first  election  shall  be  held 
at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  these  rules,  and  the  committee 
then  elected  shall,  at  its  first  meeting  thereafter,  divide  itself 
by  lot  into  three  classes  of  three  members  each.     The  term 
of  the  first  class  shall  expire  on  the  third  Monday  of  the 
following  January,  and  those  of  the  second  and  third  classes 


13 

one  and  two  years  later  respectively,  and  at  each  stated  annual 
meeting  the  Association  shall  elect  three  of  its  members  to 
serve  for  three  years  as  members  of  said  committee. 

5.  Members  of  the  Executive  Committee,  whose  terms  have 
expired,  may  be   candidates  for  re-election,  and  in  case  ot 
failure  to  hold  the  election  at  the  time  stated,  the  members 
whose  terms  have  expired,  shall  continue  to  act  as  members 
of  the  committee  until  the  election  shall  be  held. 

6.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  elect  a  Chairman,  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer ;  shall  fill  all  vacancies  in  its  body  and 
make  all  rules  for  its  management ;  it  shall  hold  stated  meet- 
ings at  least  once  in  three  months,  at  which  it  shall  receive 
and  vote  upon  the  names  of  all  persons  proposed  for  election 
to  membership  in  the  Association,  and  it  shall  make  a  written 
report  to  the  Association  at  each  stated  annual  meeting  of  its 
transactions  for  the  previous  year. 

7.  The  stated  meetings  of  the  Association  shall  be  held 
annually  on  the  third  Monday  of  January.     Special  meetings 
may  be  called  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee 
at  his  discretion,  and  shall  be  called  by  him  when  requested, 
in  writing,  by  five  members  of  the  Association. 

8.  These  rules  shall  be  amended  only  by  a  two-thirds  vote 
of  the  members  of  the  Association  present  and  voting  at  a 
general  meeting.     Provided,  That  notice  of  the  change  pro- 
posed be  given  in  the  call  for  the  meeting  at  which  such  action 
is  to  be  taken. 

The  following  circular  was  also  issued  stating  the  objects 
of  the  Association. 

CIRCULAR 

OF 

THE  PUBLIC  EDUCATION  ASSOCIATION  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

It  is  the  object  of  this  Association  to  promote  the  efficiency 
and  to  perfect  the  system  of  public  education  in  Philadelphia, 
by  which  term  is  meant  all  education  emanating  from,  or  in 
any  way  controlled  by,  the  State.  They  purpose  to  acquaint 


14 

themselves  with  the  best  results  of  experience  and  thought 
in  education,  and  to  render  these  familiar  to  the  community 
and  to  their  official  representatives,  that  these  may  be  em- 
bodied in  our  own  public  school  system.  They  seek  to 
become  a  centre  for  work,  and  a  medium  for  the  expression 
of  opinion  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  education  ;  as,  for  in- 
stance, the  appointment  of  superintendents ;  the  compilation 
of  school  laws ;  the  kindergarten  in  connection  with  public 
education ;  manual  instruction — how  much  is  desirable,  and 
what  it  is  practicable  to  introduce  into  the  public-school  sys- 
tem ;  the  hygiene  of  schools ;  the  adequate  pay  and  the  better 
qualification  of  teachers ;  and,  above  all,  to  secure,  as  far  as 
possible,  universal  education,  by  bringing  under  instruction 
that  large  class,  numbering  not  less  than  twenty-two  thousand 
children,  who  are  now  growing  up  in  ignorance  in  this  city. 

These  objects  the  Association  hope  to  attain  through  ap- 
peals to  the  local  authorities,  and  to  the  Legislature,  and  by 
such  other  means  as  may  be  deemed  expedient. 

The  management  of  the  Association  is  vested  in  an  Execu- 
tive Committee,  consisting  of  nine  persons,  elected  by  ballot 
from  among  members  of  the  Association — three  members  of 
said  committee  retiring  each  year ;  these  vacancies  to  be  filled 
by  ballot,  and  the  retiring  members  to  be  eligible  for  re- 
election. 

Annual  membership  dues  $2.00. 

THE   SUPERINTENDENCY    OF    THE    SCHOOLS. 

The  objects  of  the  Association  are  stated  in  the  above  cir- 
cular, but  before  giving  a  detailed  history  of  the  organization, 
it  may  be  of  interest  to  state  the  general  condition  of  public 
education  in  Philadelphia.  The  school  system  of  Philadelphia 
is  supported  by  local  taxation,  and  the  general  administration 
of  the  system  is  vested  in  a  Board  of  Education  appointed  by 
the  Judges  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas,  and  serving 
without  pay.  Each  ward  also  has  a  Board  of  Directors, 
elected  by  the  people,  and  serving  without  compensation.  In 


15 

1 882,  the  number  of  pupils  in  the  public  schools  was  105,541 
with  an  average  attendance  of  94,145.  The  number  of  pupils 
out  of  all  schools,  public  and  private,  at  that  date  was  estima- 
ted at  28,000. 

At  that  time  nobody  knew  how  all  the  children  were  taught 
in  the  400  school  houses.  The  local  boards  did  not  know, 
for  they  did  not  visit  the  schools  regularly,  or  if  a  director 
here  and  there  did  stray  into  a  school  occasionally,  he  had 
no  means  of  judging  whether  it  was  worse  or  better  than 
other  schools,  or  whether  it  was  good  at  all.  A  superintend- 
ent was  as  much  needed  for  the  schools  as  a  mayor  for  a  city. 
In  1882  New  York  had  one  superintendent  and  seven  assistant 
superintendents,  and  Boston  and  St.  Louis  had  each  superin- 
tendents, while  the  schools  of  Philadelphia,  with  one-third  as 
many  pupils  as  the  whole  State  of  Massachusetts,  were  without 
any  adequate  supervision.  At  that  time  the  school  laws  were 
very  meagre  and  inadequate.  The  question  relating  to  the 
Kindergarten  and  Manual  Training  was,  however,  attracting 
attention  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  question  of  universal  educa- 
tion began  to  excite  increasing  interest. 

The  Association  naturally  took  up  that  work  with  which 
the  members  were  occupied  when  the  Association  was  formed. 
Action  was  at  once  taken  concerning  matters  connected  with 
industrial  education  and  the  appointment  of  a  superintendent 
of  public  schools.  Early  in  1882,  a  Sub-Committee  of  the 
Association  conferred  with  the  Board  of  Education,  with  a  view 
to  securing  the  concerted  action  of  the  Board  and  the  Asso- 
ciation in  an  effort  to  procure  an  appropriation  from  Councils 
for  the  appointment  of  a  superintendent  of  schools,  and  to 
consider  the  advisability  of  urging  upon  Councils  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  school  for  instruction  in  the  use  of  tools  and 
studies  related  thereto.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, April  11,  1882,  a  by-law  was  adopted  constituting  the 
office  of  superintendent  and  assistants,  and  subsequently,  the 
City  Councils  made  an  appropriation  of  $15,000  for  their 
salaries  for  1883.  On  March  12,  1883,  Professor  James 
MacAlister,  of  Milwaukee,  was  elected  superintendent. 


i6 

The  Public  Education  Association  did  not  ot  course  origi- 
nate the  idea  of  a  city  superintendent  of  schools.  Other 
cities  had  appointed  superintendents  years  before.  Buffalo 
appointed  a  superintendent  of  schools  as  early  as  1837,  and 
in  1839  Providence  established  the  office.  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
elected  a  "manager  of  schools"  in  1844,  and  Springfield, 
Mass.,  followed  in  1845.  In  the  decade  between  1850  and 
1 860,  the  office  of  superintendent  was  created  in  many  cities. 
But  the  school  system  of  Philadelphia  was,  for  many  years 
peculiar,  for  up  to  1883  it  was  the  only  system  in  a  large  city 
without  a  superintendent.  The  work  of  the  Public  Educa- 
tion Association,  in  aiding  to  establish  the  office,  consisted  in 
the  interest  it  aroused  by  the  holding  of  meetings  and  lectures  ; 
by  the  study  of  educational  systems  and  questions,  and  the 
agitation  of  the  subject  in  the  columns  of  the  city  papers. 

SEWING  IN  THE  SCHOOLS. 

As  early  as  1878,  Miss  Charlotte  Pendleton,  the  first 
Secretary  of  the  Association,  suggested  a  collateral  branch 
of  intellectual  training,  for  the  purpose  of  training  the  hand 
as  well  as  the  brain.  She  favored  a  public  school  ot 
trades  and  industry  corresponding  to  the  common  and  high 
schools  of  our  present  system,  for  the  purpose  of  replacing 
the  present  system  of  imperfect  training  by  apprenticeship. 
Speaking  editorially  of  the  theory,  the  Evening  Telegraph 
said  that  the  subject  touched  upon  is  an  important  one,  and 
deserves  to  be  discussed  in  all  its  bearings.  The  Telegraph 
could  not  agree  with  Miss  Pendleton's  views  as  to  organizing 
trade  schools  in  connection  with  the  common  schools,  as  it 
would  be  too  much  like  paternalism,  and  it  contended  that  all 
the  government  could  do  was  to  furnish  elementary  instruc- 
tion. Referring  to  the  same  subject,  Governor  Hartranft  said 
in  one  of  his  messages :  "  It  is  impossible  to  read  the  indus- 
trial history  of  the  country  without  being  struck  with  the 
decline  of  the  system  of  apprenticeship,  the  decadence  ot 
skilled  labor,  and  the  rapid  increase  of  common  day  laborers. 


'7 

The  work  of  the  schoolmaster  must  undo  the  work  of  the 
demagogue,  and  the  State  supplant  the  bigoted  organizations 
of  labor  with  industrial  schools  and  workshops." 

One  phase  of  this  work  was  taken  up  as  soon  as  the  Public 
Education  Association  was  formed.  Miss  Pendleton  at  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Association  recommended  that  sewing 
should  be  taught  in  the  Normal  School.  The  next  year  this 
was  done,  and  in  1885  instruction  in  sewing  was  introduced 
as  a  regular  branch  of  the  curriculum  in  the  public  schools. 
Instruction  is  given  to  the  girls  in  all  the  grades  above  the  pri- 
mary. Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  work  of  Miss 
Lydia  A.  Kirby,  in  organizing  the  teaching  of  sewing. 

MANUAL  TRAINING. 

The  Association  was  active  from  the  start  in  urging  upon 
Councils  the  establishment  of  a  manual  training  school. 
Early  in  1882,  the  Secretary  of  the  Association  corresponded 
with  Professor  Ordway,  vice-president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  in  reference  to  the  subject  of  manual 
training.  Referring  to  this  subject,  Professor  Ordway  wrote 
as  follows : 

"  MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY, 

"  BOSTON,  Mass.,  January  2,  1882. 

"Dear  Friend: — The  instruction  in  carpentry  is  of  direct 
use  to  those  who  have  to  work  in  wood,  because  the  wood- 
working tools — the  saw,  the  plane,  the  chisel,  the  draw-knife, 
the  hammer,  the  square,  the  rule  and  the  line — are  used  in 
many  trades.  One  who  has  had  this  practice  may  become  a 
house  carpenter,  a  ship  carpenter,  a  cabinet  maker,  a  wheel- 
wright, a  carriage  builder  or  a  millwright. 

"  The  wood  turning  and  pattern  making  extend  the  range  to 
these  very  important  branches. 

"  Though  we  do  not  at  present  include  wood  carving  in  our 
course,  we  may  say  that  one  who  has  gone  through  with  car- 
pentry and  wood  turning,  having  had  at  the  same  time  in- 
struction in  drawing,  is  well  prepared  to  learn  the  art  of  carving,. 


i8 

"The  foundry  work  which  the  students  do  gives  them  a 
good  beginning  in  the  business  of  the  iron,  brass  and  bell 
founders. 

"  Blacksmithing  is  essential  for  the  boiler  maker,  the  nail  and 
bolt  maker,  the  chain  maker,  the  cutter  and  the  iron  bridge 
builder. 

"  The  vise  work  is  important  for  locksmiths,  gunsmiths  and 
watchmakers,  and  of  course  for  the  general  machinist. 

"  The  engine  lathe  work  is  that  of  machinists,  and  is  a  good 
preparation  for  taking  care  of  any  kind  of  machinery. 

"  We  ought  to  have  a  paint  shop  and  a  department  of  solder- 
ing and  brazing,  but  we  are  at  present  short  of  room.  I  hope 
we  may  some  time  get  more  land  and  add  these  things. 

"  Our  course  makes  no  provision  for  the  textile  manufactures, 
for  the  work  of  the  saddler,  the  printer,  the  bookbinder,  the 
engraver,  the  bricklayer,  the  plasterer,  the  tanner,  the  currier, 
the  glassblower,  or  the  chemical  trades.  But  the  general 
training  of  the  hand  and  the  eye  gives  a  dexterity  and  accu- 
racy which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  good  and  profitable 
work. 

"  In  all  the  arts,  the  hands  must  be  used  as  well  as  the  brain, 
and  the  handling  of  tools  gives  a  more  practical  control  of 
the  muscles  than  gymnastic  exercises,  or  no  exercises  at  all. 

"  Nature  indicates  the  use  of  tools  to  the  growing  boy,  who 
must  have  at  least  his  jack-knife.  It  is  important  that  right 
habits  be  formed,  and  that  the  boy  should  use  his  muscles  to 
some  purpose  instead  of  working  at  random.  Training  in 
the  accurate  use  of  tools  affords  a  good  mental  discipline 
aside  from  its  every-day  practical  use. 

"  Yours,  very  truly, 

"JOHN  M.  ORDWAY." 

A  sub-committee  was  at  once  appointed  by  the  Associa- 
tion to  confer  with  the  Board  of  Education  and  urge  the 
adoption  of  the  manual  training  system  as  practiced  in  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  During  November 
and  December,  1883,  the  following  course  of  lectures,  relating 


19 

to  the  various  phases  of  Industrial  Education  was  given  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Association  : 

"  Public  Education,"  by  James  MacAlister,  Superintendent 
of  Schools,  Philadelphia. 

"  The  Old  and  The  New  Education,"  by  G.  Stanley  Hall, 
Lecturer  on  Pedagogy  at  Harvard  University,  and  on  Psy- 
chology at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

"  Handwork  in  Education,"  by  Professor  John  M.  Ordway, 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 

"  The  Financial  and  Administrative  Aspects  of  Public  Edu- 
cation," by  Professor  E.  J.  James,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Early  in  1884,  the  Board  of  Education  decided  to  establish 
a  manual  training  school,  and  asked  Councils  for  an  appro- 
priation for  that  purpose.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Public  Education  Association,  October  29, 
1884,  the  following  memorial  to  Councils  was  prepared: 

"  The  Public  Education  Association  of  Philadelphia,  having 
learned  of  the  application  of  the  Board  of  Public  Education 
for  an  appropriation  for  the  establishment  of  a  school  for 
manual  instruction,  desire  to  express  to  Councils,  through 
the  Finance  Committee,  their  earnest  hope  that  such  appro- 
priation be  made,  and  to  urge,  very  briefly,  some  considera- 
tions in  its  favor. 

"  i.  If  our  public  schools  are  to  educate  the  community  into 
the  most  useful  citizenship,  they  will  not  do  it  by  a  partial  and 
one-sided  course,  which  reaches  them  through  books  and 
lectures  only.  Every  man  is  the  better  educated  if  he  knows 
how  to  work  with  his  hands,  whether  he  is  to  earn  his  liveli- 
hood thereby  or  not. 

"  2.  If  our  public  schools  are  to  fit  pupils  for  self-supporting 
employments,  their  direct  tendency  should  not  be  altogether 
to  prepare  for  clerkships  and  similar  positions,  where  the  pen 
is  the  only  implement  used.  Besides  overcrowding  these 
branches  of  labor,  the  inclination  of  the  pupil  is  educated 
away  from  handicrafts,  and  those  who  would  enter  these  find 
themselves  not  at  all  prepared  for  them. 


20 

"  3-  This  preparation  cannot  be  had  in  shops  since  the  differ- 
ent trades  are  now  so  divided  into  specialties,  each  of  which 
is  carried  on  on  a  large  scale,  particularly  in  large  cities,  that 
employers  do  not  consider  it  their  interest  to  train  workmen 
in  the  rudiments  which  are  common  to  most  of  them  ;  but 
these  rudiments  can  be  learned  in  schools  and  better  than  in 
workshops. 

"4.  It  need  not  be  feared  that  such  instruction  will  be  ex- 
perimental. Many  such  schools  have  been  carried  on  for 
years  in  Europe,  and  now  supply  our  shops  with  ready  work- 
men, to  the  exclusion  of  our  own  boys.  The  considerations 
here  presented  have  recently  led  to  the  establishment  of  simi- 
lar schools  in  this  country  at  Boston,  St.  Louis,  Chicago 
Baltimore  and  other  cities  ;  none  of  them  having  so  large  a 
manufacturing  population  as  Philadelphia.  In  this  city  the 
Spring  Garden  Institute  has  shown  what  can  be  done  by  a 
private  school,  and  Girard  College  has  followed  in  the  same 
path,  under  the  direction  of  one  department  of  the  city  gov- 
ernment. 

"  We  would  add  that  teaching  of  this  kind  for  boys  is  as 
justly  part  of  a  public  school  course  as  sewing,  already  intro- 
duced, is  for  girls,  and  would  call  your  attention  to  a  petition 
from  large  manufacturing  firms  of  this  city,  addressed  to  the 
Board  of  Education,  in  April  last,  praying  for  the  introduction 
of  manual  education  in  our  schools. 

"  Respectfully  submitted :  James  S.  Whitney,  William  W. 
Justice,  Philip  C.  Garrett,  Committee  on  behalf  of  the  Public 
Education  Association." 

Councils  appropriated  $7500  for  the  establishment  of  a 
school  for  manual  instruction,  and  the  Philadelphia  Manual 
Training  School  was  opened  in  September,  1885,  with  about 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pupils. 

COOKING  IN  THE  SCHOOLS. 

When  sewing  was  introduced,  in  1881,  into  the  Normal 
School,  the  Association  upon  the  suggestion  of  Miss  Pendleton 


21 

expressed  its  desire  to  work  out  in  the  Normal  School  a  sys- 
tem of  instruction  in  the  elements  of  household  economy  and 
related  studies  holding  the  same  relation  to  the  education  of 
girls  as  instruction  in  the  use  of  tools  held  to  the  education 
of  boys.  As  sewing  proved  to  be  so  successful,  it  was  next 
proposed  to  establish  a  cooking  school.  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Association,  February  9,  1885,  it 
was  resolved  that  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  confer 
upon  the  introduction  of  cooking  into  the  Normal  School. 
There  were  a  number  of  conferences  on  the  subject  with  the 
Committee  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  Miss  Julia  Corson, 
of  New  York,  was  invited  to  give  demonstrations  in  the  teach- 
ing of  cooking.  Great  interest  was  shown  in  this  subject  by 
many  of  the  most  prominent  people  in  Philadelphia.  On 
January  8,  1886,  Mrs.  J.  Dundas  Lippincott  opened  her  resi- 
dence for  a  concert  by  amateurs  for  the  benefit  of  the  Public 
Education  Association  Cooking  Fund,  and  a  considerable 
sum  was  realized.  Early  in  1887,  the  Board  of  Education 
decided  to  place  cooking  in  the  Normal  School  to  take  the 
place  of  mythology.  Two  rooms  in  the  basement  were  given 
for  the  purpose,  and  the  Association  paid  for  the  plant.  The 
Association  also  volunteered  to  contribute  $1500  to  meet  the 
expenses  of  the  school  in  cooking  for  the  session  of  1887—88. 
On  December  12,  1888,  the  Association  voted  to  guarantee  to 
the  Board  of  Education  the  cost  of  a  teacher  of  cooking  for 
one  year,  the  cost  of  said  teacher  not  to  exceed  $1000.  The 
amount  actually  required  was  $800.  In  1889,  the  Association 
contributed  $955,  and  in  1890,  $742.45  toward  the  cooking 
classes.  The  report  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Asso- 
ciation for  1889  contains  the  following  reference  to  the  subject 
of  cooking : 

"  The  cooking  schools  which  you  have  in  turn  supported 
until  their  expediency  should  be  demonstrated,  have  increased 
in  favor  and  usefulness.  The  city  will  assume  the  last  of  these 
in  September,  and  until  such  time  we  shall  require  an  addi- 
tional sum  of  $$oo,  if  it  be  your  pleasure  to  continue  your 


22 

work  in  this  direction.  The  report  of  the  Treasurer  will  give 
you  the  exact  amount  of  your  appropriations  to  these  objects." 
The  introduction  of  cooking  into  the  schools  was  successful 
from  the  start.  In  1888,  one  of  the  city  papers,  referring  to 
the  subject,  said : 

"  Cooking  is  now  half  a  year  old  in  the  Normal  School,  but 
seven  years  will  not  be  needed  to  carry  this  new  branch  ot 
domestic  economy  through  the  schools.  Begun  by  private 
effort,  the  work  of  one  fall  has  shown  that  cooking  can  be 
taught  in  the  highest  department  of  our  city  instruction  with- 
out interference  with  the  regular  course,  without  using  more 
room  than  was  already  at  the  service  of  the  school,  and  with 
the  addition  of  training  in  a  field  which  fits  for  all  the  broad 
work  of  life.  The  slow  swing  of  educated  women  away  from 
the  home  and  to  the  shop,  the  store  and  the  office  is,  rightly 
or  wrongly,  the  dread  of  the  day.  Nor  is  it  strange,  if,  after 
training  girls  in  all  but  what  they  would  most  need  as  wives 
and  mothers,  a  bent  toward  doing  in  life  what  school  had  put 
first  should  show  itself." 

EXHIBITION  OF  SCHOOL  WORK. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Public  Education  Association, 
February  13,  1888,  Hon.  Geo.  W.  Hall  laid  before  the  meet- 
ing the  following  memorial  addressed  to  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, suggesting  the  propriety  of  holding  a  general  public 
exhibition  of  the  manual  work  of  all  kinds  done  in  the  public 
schools,  including  kindergarten,  sewing,  manual  training, 
art  work,  drawing,  designing  and  such  other  branches  as 
can  be  properly  exhibited  in  some  central  place  during  the 
spring  months : 

MEMORIAL. 

PHILADELPHIA,  February  13,  1888. 
To  THE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 

Gentlemen : — The  Public  Education  Association  of  this  city 
have  watched  with  great  interest  the  various  steps  taken  by 
your  honorable  body  for  the  introduction  of  industrial  training 


23 

into  the  public  schools.  It  is  with  great  satisfaction  that 
they  have  noticed  the  adoption  of  the  Kindergartens,  the  in- 
troduction of  sewing  as  a  branch  of  instruction,  in  the  girls' 
schools,  the  establishment  of  the  Manual  Training  School,  the 
reorganization  and  improvement  of  the  Industrial  Art  School, 
and  the  opening  of  the  experimental  cooking  class  in  the  Girls' 
Normal  School,  as  well  as  the  general  revision  which  the 
courses  of  instruction  have  undergone,  with  a  view  to  render- 
ing them  not  only  better  adapted  to  develop  the  intelligence 
of  the  children,  but  more  practically  useful  in  the  business 
of  life. 

The  Association  is  of  the  opinion  that  all  these  steps  have 
met  with  the  cordial  approval  of  the  people,  and  that  they 
have  been  the  means  of  arousing  an  unusual  degree  of  interest 
in  the  public  mind  upon  the  subject  of  public  education. 

It  seems  to  us  that  nothing  is  more  vital  to  the  improve- 
ment and  prosperity  of  the  public  school  system  than  an  inti- 
mate knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  parents  and  the  general 
public  of  the  work  carried  on  in  the  schools. 

The  exhibitions  of  sewing  which  have  been  held  in  the 
girls'  schools  during  the  past  two  years,  and  the  opportunities 
which  have  been  afforded  them  from  time  to  time  for  seeing 
the  work  done  in  the  Manual  Training  School  have  given  great 
satisfaction. 

With  a  view  to  bringing  the  people  more  fully  into  contact 
with  the  school  work,  and  arousing  a  still  wider  interest  in 
the  schools,  the  Association  beg  to  suggest  to  your  Honorable 
body  the  propriety  of  holding  a  general  public  exhibition  of 
the  manual  work  of  all  kinds  done  in  the  public  schools,  includ- 
ing kindergarten,  sewing,  manual  training,  art,  industrial  work, 
drawing,  designing  and  such  other  branches  as  can  be  properly 
exhibited  in  some  central  place  during  the  coming  spring 
months.  The  Association  feels  assured  that  such  an  exhibi- 
tion would  be  gladly  welcomed  by  the  people,  and  would 
confer  an  opportunity  for  showing  the  substantial  progress 
made  in  the  schools  in  the  past  few  years.  We  have  been 


24 

informed  that  arrangements  can  be  made  for  such  an  exhibi- 
tion without  interfering  with  the  regular  school  work  of  the 
pupils. 

The  Association  understanding,  however,  that  no  public 
funds  are  available  for  this  purpose,  beg  to  say  to  your 
Honorable  body  that  we  will  gladly  bear  whatever  expense 
may  be  incurred  in  making  this  exhibition. 

The  Association,  therefore,  asks  the  attention  of  your  Hon- 
orable body  to  the  propositions  herein  recited,  and  will  take 
great  pleasure  in  conferring  on  the  subject  with  any  committee 
which  it  may  be  your  pleasure  to  appoint. 

WILLIAM  W.  JUSTICE, 
Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee. 
WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK, 

Secretary. 

The  above  memorial  was  adopted, -and  directed  to  be  for- 
warded to  the  Board  of  Education  by  the  Secretary.  A 
special  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Education 
to  consider  the  proposed  exhibition.  Superintendent  Mac- 
Alister  suggested  that  it  should  begin  on  May  8  and  continue 
four  days.  All  kinds  of  school  work  should  be  exhibited 
under  the  five  departments  of  Manual  Training,  Industrial 
Art,  Kindergarten,  Central  High  School  and  Girls'  Normal 
School.  Horticultural  Hall  was  secured  as  the  place  of  hold- 
ing the  exhibition.  The  exhibition  opened  under  the  most 
favorable  circumstances,  and  it  included  the  following  branches : 

I.  Pupils'  work. 

II.  Drawings  and  photographic  views  of  the  school  build- 
ings. 

III.  An  exhibit  of  the  supply  department  of  the  Board  of 
Education. 

IV.  An  historical  exhibit. 

V.  Statistical  statement  of  the  educational  system  of  the  city. 

VI.  An  exhibition  of  school  work  representing  the  practical 
operation  of  the  following  departments  : 

1.  Manual  Training  School. 

2.  Industrial  Art  School. 


25 

3.  Sewing  Classes. 

4.  Kindergartens. 

5.  Cooking  Classes. 

VII.  An  exhibit  showing  the  relation  of  the  public  schools  to 
the  other  educational  institutions  of  the  city,  in  which  public 
school  scholarships  are  held. 

The  exhibition  was  a  success.  The  most  notable  feature 
was  the  presence  of  classes  under  instruction.  Eager  specta- 
tors crowded  about  the  drill  of  the  Kindergarten,  the  little 
seamstresses  using  their  needles  intelligently  and  skillfully 
under  the  verbal  direction  of  a  teacher ;  the  Normal  School 
Cooking  Class,  the  Industrial  Art  Classes  and  the  busy  work- 
shops of  the  Manual  Training  School.  Eighty  thousand  visi- 
tors passed  through  the  gates  from  the  opening  to  the  close 
of  the  exhibition.  Many  of  whom  came  from  other  parts  of 
the  country. 

On  May  11,  President  Smith,  of  Common  Council,  sent  a 
letter  to  President  Steel,  of  the  Board  of  Education,  urging 
him  to  use  his  influence  to  prolong  the  exhibition  until  the 
end  of  the  next  week,  but  this  was  not  feasible,  as  the  hall 
had  been  rented  for  other  purposes.  Telegrams  were  also 
received  asking  that  the  exhibits  might  be  sent  to  San  Fran- 
cisco to  be  displayed  at  the  exhibition  in  connection  with  the 
meeting  of  the  National  Teachers'  Association  in  July ;  and 
also  that  they  might  be  sent  to  the  Industrial  Exhibition  at 
Melbourne  in  August,  at  the  expense  of  Melbourne.  It  was 
felt,  however,  that  the  life  of  the  exhibit  was  the  working 
classes,  not  the  numerous  interesting  specimens  of  work,  and 
it  was  not  thought  advisable  to  exhibit  the  accomplished  work 
without  the  educative  method.  The  Public  Education  Asso- 
ciation had  offered  a  sufficient  sum  to  cover  the  expenses  of 
the  exhibition  in  Horticultural  Hall,  and  did  this  with  a  con- 
tribution of  $2,216.56.  In  1889,  the  Association  contributed 
sufficient  funds  to  enable  the  Board  of  Education  to  send  an 
exhibit  of  the  work  of  the  Manual  Training  School  to  Paris. 
The  work  of  this  school  was  in  advance  of  all  competing 
American  exhibits. 


26 

MANUAL  TRAINING  HIGH  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS. 
In  1888,  the  Public  Education  Association  took  up  another 
important  phase  of  Industrial  Education.  Miss  Pendleton 
presented  a  memorial  to  the  Association,  which  was  adopted, 
and  a  petition  was  sent  to  the  Board  of  Education  to  establish 
a  manual  training  high  school  for  girls.  The  Association 
agreed  to  guarantee  the  rent  of  a  building  for  the  proposed 
school  for  three  years.  The  project  was  approved  by  the 
Manual  Training  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Education,  en- 
dorsed by  the  New  Century  Club  and  the  Working  Women's 
Club,  but  on  May  I,  1890,  the  Committee  of  the  Board  of 
Education  deemed  it  inexpedient  to  accept  the  proposition  for 
the  reason  that  the  Board  had  no  funds  to  be  applied  to  such 
a  project. 

THE  KINDERGARTEN. 

The  Sub-Primary  School  Society,*  organized  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  kindergartens  in  the  city,  invited  the 
co-operation  of  the  Public  Education  Association  in  bringing 
this  subject  into  public  notice.  The  Association,  at  an  early 
date,  collected  a  number  of  books,  pamphlets,  reports,  etc., 
relating  to  the  subject,  and  it  was  a  part  of  the  original  inten- 
tion to  gather  a  little  library  of  educational  works,  of  interest 
to  kindergartners.  In  1884,  there  were  twenty-seven  kinder- 
gartens under  the  care  of  the  Sub-Primary  Society,  and  in 
1886,  the  Board  of  Education  assumed  control  of  these 
schools,  Councils  appropriating  $15,000  to  enable  the  Board 
to  make  the  start,  f  The  next  year,  the  Association  appointed 


*  The  active  force  in  this  society  was  Miss  Anna  Hallowell,  to  whose 
self-sacrificing  labors  Philadelphia  education  owes  so  much. 

t  This  was  brought  about  by  an  agitation  in  favor  of  public  assumption 
of  the  Kindergartens  begun  by  the  Sub-Primary  School  Society.  A 
public  meeting  was  held  in  1886,  at  which  Dr.  Edmund  J.  James  de- 
livered an  address  on  the  "  Relation  of  the  Public  School  to  the  Kinder- 
garten," which  was  immediately  printed  by  the  Society,  and  contributed 
no  little  to  accomplishing  the  end  in  view.  Cf.  Bernheimer's  "Public 
Education  in  Philadelphia." 


27 

the  following  Committee  on  Kindergartens :  W.  W.  Justice, 
Mrs.  Hare,  Mrs.  Mumford,  Philip  C.  Garrett.  The  report  ot 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Association  for  1887  says  : 

"  We  are  anxious  to  make  your  Standing  Committee  on 
Kindergartens  efficient  in  that  important  field.  Mr.  William 
W.  Justice,  who  was  a  manager  of  the  Sub-Primary  School 
Society,  which  organized  these  admirable  schools,  is  Chairman 
of  this  Standing  Committee,  and  any  members  who  are  inter- 
ested in  this  important  work  will  kindly  report  to  him.  This 
is  the  only  city  in  the  country  in  which  these  valuable  infant 
schools  have  been  satisfactorily  incorporated  into  the  public 
school  system.  The  zeal  and  judgment  of  the  Sub-Primary 
School  Society  and  the  public  spirit  of  the  Board  have 
contributed  to  this  enviable  result.  It  is  not  too  much  to 
claim  for  our  city  that  the  place  in  the  front  rank  which  we 
now  occupy  in  public  education  is  due  to  the  wisdom,  zeal 
and  forbearance  which  have  enabled  the  regularly  constituted 
Official  Board  and  private  associations  to  work  together  for 
the  common  interest  of  public  education.  Long  may  this 
harmony  exist  to  the  infinite  profit  of  the  city  ;  for  both  are 
essential  to  good  government  under  our  institutions." 

The  work  of  Miss  Constance  Mackenzie  in  organizing  kin- 
dergartens is  deserving  of  special  mention. 

THE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 

A  leading  object  of  the  Public  Education  Association  was 
to  secure  a  reform  in  the  administration  of  the  city  schools, 
by  effecting  a  unification  of  the  governing  body. 

After  consultation  with  members  of  the  Board  of  Education 
and  of  the  Committee  of  One  Hundred  and  others,  the  Asso- 
ciation determined,  in  the  interests  of  a  more  uniform  and 
systematic  oversight  of  the  schools,  to  endeavor  to  have  intro- 
duced in  Mr.  Bullitt's  municipal  reform  bill  a  clause  enlarging 
the  powers  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  abolishing  the 
boards  of  directors  elected  in  the  wards.  The  Association, 
backed  by  other  influences,  persuaded  the  Committee  of  One 


28 

Hundred  to  take  up  the  matter.  The  draft  of  a  clause,  favored 
by  President  Steel,  of  the  Board  of  Education,  was  submitted 
to  the  Legislative  Committee  of  the  Committee  of  One  Hun- 
dred, but  met  with  some  objections.  It  proposed  to  do  away 
entirely  with  the  sectional  boards,  and  to  empower  the  Board 
of  Education  to  appoint  ward  managers  in  each  of  the  sec- 
tions, and  to  provide  competent  superintendents  for  each 
group  of  schools.  The  serious  objection  was  pointed  out  that 
as  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Education  are  appointed  by 
the  courts,  if  the  popular  election  of  directors  is  denied,  the 
direct  control  of  the  public  schools  by  the  people  will  be  en- 
tirely destroyed.  It  was  suggested  that  it  might  be  well  to 
have  the  Board  of  Education  chosen  electively  by  the  people; 
but  some  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  character  of  the  Board 
would  deteriorate  by  such  mode  of  selection.  The  Bullitt  bill 
failed  to  provide  for  any  reform  in  the  control  of  the  schools, 
and  it  is  thus  reviewed  by  the  Evening  Star,  March  14,  1883  : 

"  The  newly  prepared  bill  for  the  better  government  of  cities 
of  the  first  class  makes  provision  for  much  needed  reforms  in 
all  the  old  municipal  departments,  and  arranges  for  the  creation 
of  such  new  ones  as  the  Department  of  Public  Safety,  Public 
Works,  Charities  and  Corrections,  but  in  regard  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Education  it  has  only  a  line  and  a  half  thus : 
Article  8,  section  I, '  The  Department  of  Education  shall  con- 
tinue as  now  established  by  law.'  " 

Sectional  school  boards  occupied  a  large  share  of  attention 
at  the  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  Public  Education  Associa- 
tion on  January  26,  1885,  when  the  following  resolutions  were 
adopted : 

"Resolved,  That  it  is  the  deliberate  judgment  of  this  Asso- 
ciation that  the  advance  of  public  education  in  Philadelphia  is 
grievously  retarded  by  the  imperfect  system  of  control  of  the 
public  schools  now  existing ;  that  the  interests  of  this  com- 
munity demand  a  radical  change  in  this  system,  which  shall 
include  the  appointment  of  numerous  assistant  superinten- 
dents to  co-operate  with  and  act  under  the  direction  of  the 


29 

Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  and  the  abolition  of  the  local 
school  boards,  and  the  vesting  of  the  powers  of  disbursing 
money  and  appointing  and  removing  teachers  and  otherwise 
controlling  the  public  schools  of  this  city  in  the  Board  of  Pub- 
lic Education;  that  all  merely  local  and  artificial  divisions 
should  be  abolished  both  in  the  management  of  the  schools 
and  in  the  appointment  of  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Education,  so  that  the  interests  of  the  whole  community  may 
always  be  kept  in  view  and  the  system  of  education  treated 
as  a  unit,  sub-divided  as  convenience  may  require,  and  not  as 
a  mass  of  separate  divisions,  each  independent  of  the  other 
and  subject  to  no  common  control  such  as  exist  at  the  present 
time. 

"  Resolved  further,  That  this  Association  and  its  individual 
members  will  not  rest  satisfied  until  these  measures  are  accom- 
plished and  will  use  their  utmost  endeavors  to  carry  them 
through." 

In  1885,  when  the  bill  changing  the  method  of  selecting  the 
Board  of  Education  from  the  Judges  to  election  by  popular 
vote  was  before  the  Legislature,  the  Association  sent  up  a 
vigorous  protest,  and  in  1887,  when  the  proposition  was  in- 
troduced into  the  Legislature  to  abolish  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion, the  Association  took  active  steps  to  defeat  the  measure, 
and  at  a  meeting,  April  18,  1887,  the  following  resolutions 
were  adopted : 

"  Resolved  I.  That  this  Association,  while  fully  sensible  that 
the  organization  of  the  public  school  system  needs  revision, 
considers  that  the  bill  now  before  the  Legislature,  so  far  from 
having  this  tendency,  is  calculated  to  increase  rather  than 
diminish  whatever  evils  there  may  be  both  of  localization  and 
centralization,  and  hopes  that  before  any  legislation  is  under- 
taken on  the  subject  thorough  and  careful  examination  shall 
be  given  to  the  whole  question. 

"  II.  The  Association  takes  this  occasion  to  call  the  attention 
of  the  Legislature  to  the  necessity  of  the  revision  of  the  school 
sections,  which  have  not  been  altered  for  thirty-three  years, 


30 

and  which  are  not  at  all  now  in  proper  relation  to  the  school 
population  of  the  city. 

"  III.  That  the  subject  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Law  to  make  such  suggestions  to  the  Legislature  as  may  be 
in  accordance  with  the  views  of  the  Association — and  other- 
wise to  act  as  they  may  deem  proper." 

The  Association  from  the  start  strongly  urged  compulsory 
education,  in  order  to  bring  the  unfortunate  classes  into  the 
schools,  and  in  1889,  when  the  Riter  Bill  was  before  the 
Legislature,  it  received  the  cordial  support  of  the  Association. 
On  March  21,  1889,  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Asso- 
ciation prepared  the  following  memorial  to  the  Legislature  : 

"  The  Public  Education  Association  of  Philadelphia  approves 
and  endorses  the  purpose  of  the  bill  now  before  the  Legisla- 
ture of  Pennsylvania,  known  as  the  Riter  Bill,  for  a  compulsory 
system  of  education  of  children,  so  far  as  that  bill  is  designed 
to  secure  an  attendance  at  school. 

"  The  provision  of  the  first  section  of  that  bill  relating  to 
penalties  does  not  meet  the  approval  of  this  Association.  No 
penalty  in  excess  of  two  dollars  per  week  as  a  maximum  is 
deemed  advisable,  and  in  conformity  with  Pennsylvania  law 
there  should  be  no  minimum. 

"  It  is  respectfully  submitted  to  the  General  Assembly  that 
it  is  the  sense  of  this  Association  that  a  system  of  compulsory 
education  is  of  the  first  importance  in  a  State  founded  on  uni- 
versal suffrage ;  and  that  the  public  welfare  will  be  advanced 
by  its  adoption  at  this  session  in  a  comprehensive  and  well- 
considered  code. 

"  Experience  has  shown  the  value  of  like  enactments  in 
other  States  and  countries ;  and  the  fact  that  Pennsylvania  is 
not  in  front  in  this  essential  reform  justifies  those  who  advocate 
it  in  an  urgent  request  that  the  bill  be  taken  up  for  action  at 
an  early  day." 

The  Public  Education  Association  was  active  from  the  start 
in  urging  a  reorganization  of  the  Girls'  High  and  Normal 
School.  It  was  organized  in  February,  1884,  for  the  special 


purpose  of  preparing  teachers  for  the  public  schools.  The 
crowded  condition  of  the  school  and  the  demand  for  more 
advanced  professional  culture  for  teachers  led  the  Public  Edu- 
cation Association  to  urge  that  the  High  School  and  Normal 
departments  be  separated  into  two  distinct  schools.  The 
attention  of  the  Board  of  Education  was  directed  to  the  matter, 
and  on  February  15,  1887,  a  committee  of  the  Board  recom- 
mended the  organization  of  a  girls'  high  school  to  relieve  the 
Normal  School.  This  was  accomplished  early  in  1893.  The 
school,  as  now  organized,  has  three  distinct  courses  of  study. 
First. — A  Classical  Course,  intended  for  those  pupils  who 
enter  the  school  to  acquire  merely  a  higher  education,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  fitting  them  to  enter  college.  Second. — A 
Business  Course,  to  fit  young  women  for  clerks,  or  the  various 
departments  of  business  or  trade.  Third. — A  General  Course, 
to  prepare  pupils  to  enter  the  Normal  School. 

President  Steel,  of  the  Board  of  Education,  in  February, 
1891,  requested  the  Secretary  of  the  Public  Education  Asso- 
ciation, William  W.  Wiltbank,  to  prepare  an  Act  of  Assembly 
to  be  presented  to  the  Legislature  for  adoption,  which  should 
provide  a  system  of  reorganization  of  the  school  department  of 
the  first  district  of  Pennsylvania.  A  statute  was  accordingly 
prepared  by  Mr.  Wiltbank.  Hon.  Charles  A.  Porter  intro- 
duced the  bill  in  the  State  Senate,  and  the  Public  Education 
Association,  at  the  annual  meeting,  April  21,  1891,  adopted 
resolutions  approving  the  action  of  Senator  Porter. 

The  energetic  action  of  Mr.  Steel  and  several  other  public- 
spirited  citizens  of  Philadelphia  secured  a  considerable  amount 
of  public  attention  for  the  proposed  reform,  and  led,  among 
other  things,  to  a  public  meeting  held  at  the  Academy  of 
Music  May  4,  1891.  This  meeting  was  large  and  enthusiastic, 
and  resolutions  were  adopted,  urging  that  the  local  boards  be 
abolished,  and  that  the  control  of  the  schools  be  vested  in  one 
central  board  having  complete  authority  over  all  questions 
relating  to  public  education. 

There  were  urgent  representations  made  to  the  committees 
of  the  Legislature  at  that  time,  and  a  large  delegation  of  citizens 


32 

went  to  Harrisburg  for  a  conference  with  a  Committee  of 
the  Legislature  there  having  the  proposed  bill  in  charge,  and 
urged  upon  that  body  its  favorable  consideration  and  adoption. 

This  act  was  not  passed  by  the  Legislature.  It  was  lost, 
we  are  informed,  by  a  very  small  majority. 

In  1893,  the  Public  Education  Association  also  took  steps 
to  procure  the  passage  of  the  statute.  In  this  instance,  how- 
ever, prominent  men  of  the  Legislature  were  in  doubt  as  to  a 
proper  plan  for  the  reorganization  of  the  school  department 
and  declined  to  advocate  that  one  which  the  Association  had 
in  view  rather  than  some  others  presented  to  their  attention 
by  other  bodies.  The  important  question  then  arising  was 
whether  or  not  the  Board  of  Education  should  comprise  men 
of  independence  and  position  as  private  citizens,  to  be  beyond 
the  control  of  the  municipal  authorities,  or  whether  there 
should  be  a  director  of  public  schools,  etc.,  etc.  The  ques- 
tions raised  were  too  serious,  and  the  difference  of  opinion  too 
marked  to  make  it  practicable  to  secure  any  legislation  at  that 
session. 

There  was  a  joint  meeting  of  the  members  of  the  Public  Edu- 
cation Association  and  the  Civic  Club  at  the  rooms  of  the  Art 
Club,  March  3, 1894.  At  that  meeting  an  address  entitled  "Some 
Suggestions  of  Reform  in  the  Public  School  System  of  Phila- 
delphia" was  delivered  by  Herbert  Welsh,  and  Miss  Pendle- 
ton  read  a  paper  on  the  "  Unification  of  the  School  System." 
Dr.  Edmund  J.  James,  chairman  of  the  Public  Education  Asso- 
ciation and  Mrs.  Cornelius  Stevenson,  president  of  the  Civic 
Club,  also  delivered  addresses.  The  sentiment  of  the  meet- 
ing was  overwhelmingly  in  favor  of  an  abolition  of  the  local 
school  boards  as  the  first  step  to  further  improvement  of  the 
public  school  system. 

Early  in  March,  1894,  certain  members  of  the  Civic  Club 
requested  that  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Public  Educa- 
tion Association  appoint  a  sub-committee  to  meet  them  in 
private  conference  in  order  that  some  plan  might  be  formed, 
if  practicable,  for  the  renewal  of  the  public  interest  in  the 


33 

proposition  that  the  school  department  of  the  First  District 
be  reorganized,  according  to  the  plan  exhibited  by  the  Act  of 
Assembly  prepared  by  the  Public  Education  Association  in 
1891.  A  meeting  was  accordingly  called  for  Tuesday,  April 
3,  1894,  at  the  residence  of  Mrs.  J.  Dundas  Lippincott, 
and  was  well  attended.  There  were  representatives  of  the 
Civic  Club  and  the  Public  Education  Association  present, 
and  addresses  were  made.  On  motion  of  Miss  Pendleton  it 
was  resolved  that  a  committee  be  appointed  by  Mrs.  Lippin- 
cott, who  was  then  in  the  chair,  to  report  upon  the  subject  of 
legislation  to  be  proposed  to  the  General  Assembly  at  its  next 
meeting;  the  committee  to  have  power  to  add  to  their  num- 
ber, and  the  present  appointment  to  comprise  five  members  of 
the  two  bodies,  the  additional  number  to  be  ten.  This  reso- 
lution was  carried.  Mrs.  Lippincott  appointed  on  that  com- 
mittee, Mr.  William  W.  Wiltbank,  Mr.  Theodore  Etting,  Mr. 
Herbert  Welsh,  Mrs.  Mumford  and  Miss  Pendleton.  Mr. 
Theodore  Etting  was  appointed  chairman.  Mrs.  Cornelius 
Stevenson,  the  president  of  the  Civic  Club,  and  Dr.  E.  J.  James, 
the  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Public  Edu- 
cation Association,  were  added  to  that  committee.  This  com- 
mittee acted  up  to  some  time  in  the  autumn  of  1894,  and 
later  reported  progress  to  its  principals. 

Subsequently  the  Act  of  Assembly,  quoted  at  length  below, 
was  drawn  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Public  Education  Associa- 
tion, W.  W.  Wiltbank,  and  efforts  were  made  to  secure  its 
passage  at  the  session  of  the  Legislature  held  in  1895. 

The  bill  read  as  follows : 

AN  ACT 

To  provide  for  the  organization  of  a  Department  of  Education 
in  cities  of  the  first  class  and  defining  the  powers  and  duties 
of  the  Board  of  Education  herein  provided  for  and  repealing 
all  laws  or  parts  of  laws  inconsistent  herewith. 
SECTION  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  in  General 


34 

Assembly  met  and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of 
the  same  that  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Judges  of  the  Courts 
of  Common  Pleas  having  jurisdiction  in  cities  of  the  first  class 
on  or  before  the  Fifteenth  day  of  December  One  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  ninety-five  to  appoint  under  their  hands  and 
under  the  seal  of  the  said  court  a  Board  of  Education  com- 
prising twenty-one  persons  residents  of  the  city  wherein  the 
appointment  is  made,  and  it  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  the  said 
judges  on  or  before  the  Fifteenth  day  of  December  in  each 
year  after  the  year  One  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety- 
five  to  appoint  in  like  manner  seven  persons  residents  of  the 
city  wherein  the  appointment  is  made  to  serve  as  members  of 
the  said  Board  of  Education  for  the  term  of  Three  years  com- 
mencing on  the  First  Monday  of  January  then  next  ensuing : 
And  the  said  judges  shall  fill  vacancies  occasioned  by  re- 
moval resignation  death  or  other  cause  by  appointment  made 
in  like  manner  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  of  the  person 
or  persons  in  respect  of  whom  by  removal  death  resignation 
or  other  cause  the  vacancy  has  been  made. 

SEC.  2.  The  said  Board  of  Education  shall  serve  without 
pay  and  shall  organize  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  One 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-six  by  the  election  from 
its  own  members  of  a  president  and  other  officers  in  its  dis- 
cretion and  shall  proceed  to  determine  by  lot  the  terms  of 
service  of  the  twenty-one  persons  appointed  as  in  the  fore- 
going section  provided  for  so  that  seven  of  the  said  persons 
as  determined  by  lot  shall  serve  for  one  year  from  the  first 
Monday  of  January  One  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety- 
six  :  other  seven  of  the  said  persons  as  determined  by  lot 
shall  serve  for  two  years  from  the  first  Monday  in  January 
One  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-six :  other  seven  of 
the  said  persons  as  determined  by  lot  shall  serve  for  three 
years  from  the  first  Monday  of  January  One  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  ninety-six.  The  said  Board  of  Education  shall 
on  the  first  Monday  ot  January  in  each  year  thereafter  organize 
and  elect  from  its  own  members  a  president  and  other  officers 


35 

in  its  discretion  and  shall  meet  at  least  once  in  every  month 
except  July  and  August. 

SEC.  3.  The  said  Board  of  Education  shall  have  all  the 
powers  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  First  School  District 
of  Pennsylvania  as  heretofore  created  and  shall  divide  the  city 
into  school  districts  for  convenience  of  organization  and  ad- 
ministration, and  appoint  a  superintendent  of  schools,  assist- 
ant superintendents  and  teachers  and  all  other  employees  and 
shall  have  power  to  remove  the  same  and  shall  determine 
upon  the  character  of  schools  which  shall  comprise  in  addition 
to  the  common  schools  a  Normal  School  for  the  education  of 
teachers  and  such  other  special  schools  as  the  Board  may 
from  time  to  time  deem  it  proper  to  organize  and  maintain. 
They  shall  also  maintain  sub-primary  schools  and  night 
schools  at  proper  seasons  in  each  school  year.  They  shall 
determine  the  number  and  location  of  school  houses  which 
shall  be  erected  established  and  maintained  in  each  of  the 
said  school  districts  and  shall  limit  the  expense  of  erecting 
establishing  and  maintaining  the  same.  They  shall  provide 
for  the  maintenance  and  repair  of  school  property  and  purchase 
such  books  and  supplies  as  they  shall  deem  necessary.  They 
shall  have  the  general  superintendence  and  entire  administra- 
tion of  all  the  schools  in  the  said  city  and  shall  make  such 
rules  and  regulations  for  their  own  government  and  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  schools  as  may  be  proper  with  power  to 
appoint  suitable  men  or  women  as  local  boards  of  visitors 
who  shall  serve  without  pay  and  whose  duty  shall  be  defined 
by  the  Board  of  Education.  They  shall  keep  accounts,  and 
shall  approve  and  certify  the  warrants  necessary  for  the  pur- 
chase of  supplies  and  for  the  payment  of  costs  of  repair  and 
maintenance  and  of  the  salaries  of  all  salaried  employees. 
They  shall  make  an  annual  report  of  the  administration  of 
their  office  of  the  statistics  of  the  schools  and  of  their  accounts 
to  the  Mayor  and  Councils  of  the  said  city. 

SEC.  4.  From  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  no  person 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Education  hereby  created 


36 

to  the  position  of  teacher  in  any  one  of  the  public  schools  of 
cities  of  the  first  class  until  such  person  shall  have  been  duly 
qualified  for  the  position  contemplated  by  an  examination 
under  the  authority  of  the  said  Board  of  Education  which 
qualification  shall  be  evidenced  by  a  certificate  made  and  at- 
tested by  the  superintendent  of  schools  and  approved  by  the 
said  Board ;  Provided,  however,  that  all  teachers  in  the 
employ  of  the  present  school  authorities  in  the  cities  of  the 
first  class  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed 
to  be  eligible  for  their  several  positions  without  further  exami- 
nation and  that  all  outstanding  certificates  of  qualification  have 
the  same  effect  as  if  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act. 

SEC.  5.  All  appropriations  of  money  which  but  for  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  would  be  applicable  to  public  school  pur- 
poses in  cities  of  the  first  class  are  hereby  made  available  to 
the  Board  of  Education  hereby  created  and  all  legal  obliga- 
tions outstanding  in  boards  of  controllers  directors  of  public 
schools  or  other  State  organizations  for  public  education  in 
cities  of  the  first  class  are  transferred  to  the  said  Board  of 
Education  and  boards  of  school  controllers  and  directors  here- 
tofore created  in  cities  of  the  first  class  are  hereby  abolished 
from  and  after  the  first  Monday  of  January,  One  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  ninety-six. 

SEC.  6.  Each  of  the  said  cities  of  the  first  class  after  a  con- 
ference with  the  Board  of  Education  hereby  created  acting  by 
committee  or  otherwise  shall  annually  levy  a  tax  which  in 
its  discretion  shall  be  deemed  sufficient  in  the  coming  fiscal 
year  for  the  maintenance  of  the  schools  in  the  said  city  and 
for  the  construction  renting  repair  and  other  needs  of  the 
school  buildings.  The  fund  thus  raised  shall  be  subject  to  the 
order  of  the  said  Board  of  Education  to  be  by  it  drawn  upon 
by  warrants  duly  approved  and  certified  by  the  said  Board  of 
Education  ;  Provided,  that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  con- 
strued to  authorize  the  said  Board  of  Education  to  bind  the 
said  city  for  any  debt  unless  created  by  virtue  of  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act  and  payable  out  of  the  said  fund  or  tax  to  be 
levied  as  aforesaid. 


37 

SEC.  7.  All  laws  or  parts  of  laws  inconsistent  with  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 

OTHER  WORK  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION. 

In  1892  and  1893,  the  subject  of  a  school  census  was  before 
the  committee.  The  necessity  for  a  census  of  the  children  of 
Philadelphia  arose  from  the  fact  that  many  children  of  the  legal 
age  were  without  the  benefits  of  an  education,  and  quite  a  num- 
ber were  unable  to  find  accommodation  in  the  public  schools.  A 
committee  of  the  Association  made  an  arrangement  with  the 
authorities  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  at  Washington,  in 
the  Census  Bureau,  to  obtain  the  tables  of  the  census  of  1890, 
showing  the  statistics  of  education  in  this  State.  An  effort  was 
also  made  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  the  Executive  Depart- 
ment of  Philadelphia  in  taking  a  census  by  the  aid  of  the  police 
force,  and  the  sum  of  $250  was  appropriated  for  this  purpose. 

In  1891  the  Association  appropriated  the  sum  of  $250 
toward  the  establishment  of  a  Chair  of  Pedagogy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  which  was  followed  by  a  sufficient 
appropriation  by  the  University  to  establish  such  a  professor- 
ship, beginning  with  the  autumn  of  1894.  The  first  incumbent 
was  Professor  Martin  G.  Brumbaugh.  Thus,  the  Association 
gave  the  stimulus  to  the  introduction  of  a  needed  element  into 
the  educational  system  of  the  city.  The  wisdom  of  this  step 
is  already  demonstrated,  as  many  teachers  from  the  city  and 
the  surrounding  country  are  taking  advantage  of  the  excellent 
courses  in  Pedagogy  offered  by  the  University. 

Following  the  same  line  of  work,  the  Association  in  1893 
appropriated  the  sum  of  $200,  as  a  contribution  toward  the 
establishment  of  summer  courses  in  Pedagogy  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public  school  teachers  of  Philadelphia.  These  lectures 
were  given  in  connection  with  the  summer  meeting  held  dur- 
ing the  month  of  July,  1893,  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  University  Extension  Society.  The 
lectures  on  Pedagogy  have  become  a  permanent  feature  of 
the  summer  meetings  of  the  Extension  Society,  and  at  present 


38 

State  Superintendent,  Dr.  N.  C.  Schaeffer,  is  at  the  head  of  a 
movement  to  offer  extensive  courses  in  Pedagogy  at  the  sum- 
mer meeting  in  1 896. 

The  Public  Education  Association  has  also  taken  consider- 
able interest  in  aesthetic  training  in  the  schools.  In  1893  the 
sum  of  $100  was  contributed  for  the  purchase  of  engravings, 
photographs,  busts,  etc.,  to  be  exhibited  in  the  rooms  of  the 
Girls'  Normal  School ;  but  as  yet  the  Association  has  pro- 
ceeded cautiously  and  has  contributed  moderately,  in  order 
that  further  information  and  experience  may  determine  whether 
or  not  this  course  is  expedient. 

The  Public  Education  Association  has  had  a  busy  career 
of  fifteen  years.  It  has  been  a  constructive  period  in  educa- 
tional work  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  Association  has  seen  the 
following  results  accomplished : 

I.  The  institution  of  the  department  of  superintendence, 
with  the  increase  of  force  by  which   the   efficiency  of  this 
department  has  been  largely  augmented  and  thoroughly  or- 
ganized. 

II.  The  selection  of  a  superintendent. 

III.  The  introduction  of  sewing  into  the  curriculum  of  the 
Normal  School,  and  its  more  recent  introduction,  based  upon 
the  success  of  the  earlier  experiment,  into  the  lower  grades 
of  schools,  by  which  twenty-five  thousand  girls  were,  in  1 887, 
receiving  regular,  systematic  instruction  in  needlework. 

IV.  The  universal  acknowledgment  that  the  most  complete 
and  satisfactory  exhibition  of  this  work  ever  made  in  the 
country  was  the  exhibit  of  the  sewing  done  in  the  public 
schools  of  Philadelphia  made  in  the  spring  of  1 886,  at  the  In- 
dustrial Exhibition  at  New  York. 

V.  The  institution  of  the  Manual  Training  School. 

VI.  The  reorganization  of  the  schools  under  supervising 
principals. 

VII.  The   introduction   of  cooking  classes  in  the  Normal 
School. 

VIII.  The  exhibition  of  school  work  in  Horticultural  Hall. 


39 

IX.  The  assumption  by  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  kin- 
dergarten schools. 

X.  The  establishment  of  the  Chair  of  Pedagogy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania. 

XI.  The  lectures  in   Pedagogy  in  the  Summer  School  of 
the  Extension  Society. 

XII.  The  separation  of  the  Girls'  High  and  Normal  Schools 
and  the  material  improvement  of  the  courses  in  the  former. 

XIII.  The  passage  of  the  Compulsory  School  Law. 

The  Association  encouraged  and  assisted  all  of  these  move- 
ments ;  it  initiated  and  completed  some  of  them.  There  are 
still  other  tasks  for  the  Association.  The  new  Compulsory 
School  Law  will  render  a  school  census  necessary.  The 
school  accommodations  of  the  city  will  be  inadequate  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  law,  and  the  enforcement  of  the  law 
itself  will  depend  upon  public  sentiment.  In  all  these  matters 
the  Society  can  be  of  assistance. 

The  Department  of  Education  should  be  reorganized.  The 
Association  has  already  made  strenuous  efforts  to  have  the 
sectional  boards  abolished,  and  it  seemed  at  times  as  if  the 
measure  would  pass  the  Legislature.  The  agitation  should 
be  continued  until  the  Department  of  Education  is  placed 
beyond  the  reach  of  politics.  The  administration  of  the  city 
schools  should  be  committed  to  a  single  body.  These  are 
some  of  the  subjects  which  should  receive  the  attention  of  the 
Association.  The  work  of  the  Public  Education  Association 
is  not  completed.  The  educational  welfare  of  so  large  a  muni- 
cipality as  Philadelphia  will  require  the  continued  aid  of  this 
influential  organization,  which  in  the  past  has  accomplished 
so  much  for  the  advancement  of  the  schools. 


40 
APPENDIX  I. 

OFFICERS  OF  THE  PUBLIC  EDUCATION  ASSOCIATION  FROM 
1882  TO  1896. 

1882. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

JAMES  S.  WHITNEY.  DALTON  DORR. 

Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON. 
1883. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

JAMES  S.  WHITNEY.  DALTON  DORR. 

Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON. 
1884. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

JAMES  S.  WHITNEY.  MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 

Corresponding  Secretary.  Recording  Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON.  WILLIAM  W.  JUSTICE. 

1885. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

JAMES  S.  WHITNEY.  MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 

Corresponding  Secretary.  Recording  Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON.  WILLIAM  W.  JUSTICE. 

1886— i8go. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

WILLIAM  W.  JUSTICE.  MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 

Corresponding-  Secretary.  Recording  Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON.  WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK. 

i8gi. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 


Corresponding  Secretary.  Recording  Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON.  WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK. 

1892. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 


Corresponding  Secretary.  Recording  Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON.  WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK. 

1893- 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES.  MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 

Corresponding  Secretary.  Recording  Secretary. 

Miss  PENDLETON.  WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK. 

1894. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES.  MRS.  J.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT. 

Recording  Secretary. 

WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK. 
1895. 

Chairman.  Treasurer. 

EDMUND  J.  JAMES.  Miss  E.  W.  JANNEY. 

Recording  Secretary. 

WILLIAM  W.  WILTBANK. 


The  following  persons  have  served  on  the  various  com- 
mittees of  the  Public  Education  Association  : 

COMMITTEE  OF  CONFERENCE  WITH  THE  BOARD  OF  EDUCATION. 

JAMES  S.  WHITNEY, 

HON.  GEO.  W.  HALL, 

PHILIP  C.  GARRETT,  E.  COPPEE  MITCHELL, 

EDWARD  SHIPPEN,  ROBERT  E.  PATTISON, 

DALTON  DORR. 

COMMITTEE  ON   LAWS. 

EDWARD  SHIPPEN, 

Miss  PENDLETON,  HENRY  REED, 

WM.  W.  WILTBANK,  FRANCIS  RAWLE, 

DALLAS  SANDERS,  WAYNE  MACVEAGH, 

PHILIP  C.  GARRETT,  A.  SYDNEY  BIDDLE. 

COMMITTEE  ON  SCHOOLS. 

E.  COPPEE  MITCHELL, 

MRS.  MUMFORD,  Miss  ANNA  HALLOWELL, 

MRS.  U.  C.  HEAD,  Louis  WAGNER, 

Miss  FLORENCE  KELLY,  Miss  PENDLETON, 

Miss  CORNELIA  HANCOCK,  MRS.  GILLINGHAM. 

COMMITTEE  ON   KINDERGARTENS. 

W.  W.  JUSTICE,  MRS.  MUMFORD, 

MRS.  HARE,  PHILIP  C.  GARRETT. 

COMMITTEE  ON   HOUSEHOLD  ECONOMY. 

Miss  PENDLETON,  MRS.  MUMFORD, 

MRS.  LIPPINCOTT,  Miss  MEREDITH. 

CORRESPONDING  MEMBERS. 

EDWARD  T.  STEEL,  PROFESSOR  M.  B.  SNYDER, 

DR.  WILLIAM  HARRIS,  JAMES  MAC  ALISTER, 

Miss  LUCRETIA  P.  HALE,  ANDREW  J.  MORRISON, 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS,  JAMES  F.  C.  SICKEL, 

Miss  THOMAS,  Miss  LYDIA  A.  KIRBY. 

PROFESSOR  J.  M.  ORDWAY,  Miss  MARY  HAGGENBOTHAM, 
CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS,  JR.,  DR.  FRANKLIN  TAYLOR, 

M'LLE  MATILDE  DEMMLER,  EDGAR  A.  SINGER, 

PRESIDENT  D.  C.  GILMAN,  H.  W.  HALLIWELL, 

PROFESSOR  G.  STANLEY  HALL,  HON.  Louis  BUSH, 

GEORGE  W.  FETTER,  PROFESSOR  C.  M.  WOODWARD, 

WILLIAM  L.  SAYRE,  REV.  I.  L.  LEUCHT, 
E.  A.  BURKE. 


42 
APPENDIX  II. 

ANNUAL  MEETINGS  OF  THE  PUBLIC  EDUCATION  ASSOCIATION. 

January  16,  1882.  February  21,  1889. 

January  13,  1883.  January  27,  1890. 

January  18,  1884.  April  20,  1891. 

January  26,  1885.  No  Annual  Meetings  in  1892  and 

January  25,  1886.  1893. 

January  22,  1887.  March  9,  1894. 

February  n,  1888.  December  20,  1895. 

Joint  Meeting  of  the  Public  Education  Association  and  the  Civic  Club, 
at  the  Galleries  of  the  Art  Club,  March,  3,  1894. 


APPENDIX  III. 
ABSTRACT  OF  THE  TREASURER'S  REPORTS. 

This  abstract  is  intended  merely  to  show  the  sources  of 
income  and  the  purposes  of  expenditure  of  the  Association. 
The  full  reports  are  printed  in  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Association. 

JANUARY  13,  1883. 

Subscriptions  for  1882  and  1883 $48  oo 

Sundry  payments  made 4  50 

JANUARY  18,  1884. 
RECEIPTS. 

Members'  dues $102  oo 

Subscriptions  to  lecture  fund 390  oo 

$535  oo 
EXPENDITURES. 

Printing  Annual  Report $67  01 

Lecture  course 356  20 

Miscellaneous 77  41 

$500  62 
JANUARY  26,  1885. 

RECEIPTS. 

Members'  dues $102  oo 

Subscriptions  to  lecture  fund 167  85 

$304  73 


43 

EXPENDITURES. 

For  lectures $197  oo 

Printing  reports 35  70 

Sundry  expenses 35  oo 

$267  70 

JANUARY  26,  1886. 
RECEIPTS. 

Members'  dues  for  1885  and  1886 $  106  oo 

Subscriptions  to  lecture  fund 50  oo 


$192  78 
EXPENDITURES. 

For  lectures $112  45 

Printing  reports 22  25 

$134  70 
JANUARY  22,  1887. 

RECEIPTS. 

Annual  subscriptions  for  1886  and  1887 $138  oo 

Subscriptions  to  lecture  fund 25  oo 

|22I   08 

EXPENDITURES. 

For  lectures |ig  87 

Printing  report 1800 

$37  87 
FEBRUARY  II,  1888. 

RECEIPTS. 

Annual  subscriptions  for  1887  and  1888 $246  oo 

Subscriptions  to  cooking  fund 636  oo 

Cash  from  concert 866  29 


$1931  50 
EXPENDITURES. 

Printing  Annual  Report $22  50 

Paid  toward  cooking  classes 900  oo 

$922  50 

JANUARY  29,  1889. 
RECEIPTS. 

Annual  dues  in  1888  and  1889 $84  oo 

Subscriptions  to  industrial  exhibit 2270  oo 

Subscriptions  to  cooking  fund 63  oo 

$3426  oo 
EXPENDITURES. 

Expense  of  annual  meeting $2  oo 

Paid  toward  cooking  classes 800  oo 

Expenses  of  industrial  exhibit 2216  56 

$3018  56 


44 
JANUARY  27,  1890. 

RECEIPTS. 

Annual  dues    ..................    $250  oo 

Subscriptions  to  cooking  fund   ..........        69  oo 

Donations  to  special  appeal  to  cooking  fund     .   .    .      720  86 

$1447  30 
EXPENDITURES. 
Paid  toward  cooking  classes  ...........    $955  oo 

Expense  of  manual  training  exhibit  at  Paris     ...        25  oo 
Printing  scheme  for  Girls'  High  School  ......        57  67 

Stationery  and  printing   .............      243  91 

|i28i  58 
APRIL  20,  1891. 

RECEIPTS. 
Subscriptions  ..................    $966  72 

EXPENDITURES. 
Cooking  classes  ...    .............    .    $742  45 

Printing    ....................      119  22 

Subscription  to  chair  of  Pedagogy  at  University  of 

Pennsylvania  .................      250  oo 


67 

MARCH  9,  1894. 

EXPENDITURES. 
Pictures  in  Girls'  Normal  School  .........    $100  oo 

Lectures  at  Summer  School  for  Teachers  .....      200  oo 


|300  00 

JANUARY  i,  1896. 

RECEIPTS. 
Annual  dues $228  oo 

EXPENDITURES. 

Printing  and  postage $  81  69 

Legal  opinion  and  advice 50  oo 

Contribution  in  behalf  of  Education  Bill  before  the 

Legislature 300  oo 

Rent  of  room 5  oo 

Alice  Lippincott  Memorial  Room  in  the  Alice  Lip- 

pincott  School 200  oo 


45 
APPENDIX   IV. 

MEMBERSHIP  OF  THE  PUBLIC  EDUCATION  ASSOCIATION  FROM 
1881  TO  1895. 

Hon.  Robert  Adams,  Jr.,  124  South  Sixteenth  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 

William  C.  Allison,  Thirty-second  and  Walnut  Streets,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Rev.  C.  G.  Ames,  1606  Mount  Vernon  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  C.  G.  Ames,  1606  Mount  Vernon  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Charles  B.  Baeder,  730  Market  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Matthew  Baird,  Merion  Station,  Mantgomery  County. 

John  Baird,  214  South  Twenty-fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  E.  W.  Balch,  1412  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  H.  Banes,  Market  Street  National  Bank,  Philadelphia. 

George  W.  Banks,  Twelfth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

Wharton  Barker,  28  South  Third  Street,  Philadelphia. 

A.  Sydney  Biddle,  1224  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Cadwalader  Biddle,  208  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Craig  Biddle,  2033  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  George  Biddle,  312  South  Twelfth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Arthur  Biddle,  1822  De  Lancey  Place,  Philadelphia. 

Alexander  Biddle,  1307  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Clement  M.  Biddle,  Lansdowne. 

Miss  Biswanger,  1710  Oxford  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  A.  Blair,  Southeast  Corner  Sixteenth  and  Sansom  Streets, 

Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Andrew  A.  Blair,  1802  De  Lancey  Place,  Philadelphia. 
Rudolph  Blankenburg,  1326  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Mrs.  L.  Lucretia  Blankenburg,  1326  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Rachel  L.  Bodley,  M.  D.,   1400  North  Twenty-first  Street, 

Philadelphia. 

Wendell  P.  Bowman,  130  South  Sixth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Joseph  H.  Bromley,  127  Susquehanna  Avenue,  Philadelphia. 
Dr.  Edward  Brooks,  713  Filbert  Street,  Philadelphia. 


46 

T.  Wistar  Brown,  Villanova. 

Alexander  Brown,  Nineteenth  and  Walnut  Streets,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Conyers  Button,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 
Addison  B.  Burk,  Ledger  Office,  Philadelphia. 
William  Burnham,  220  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Arthur  M.  Burton,  1512  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Charles  Cadwalader,  M.  D.,  240  South  Fourth  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 

John  Cadwalader,  1518  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

J.  Albert  Caldwell,  1531  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  T.  Carter,  302  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Frances  Case,  1334  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

John  H.  Catherwood,  50  South  Front  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Clark,  2008  De  Lancey  Place,  Philadelphia. 

Clarence  H.  Clark,  Forty-second  and  Locust  Streets,  Phila- 
delphia. 

E.  W.  Clark,  Bullitt  Building,  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Clarence  M.  Clark,  Jr.,  Ross  and  Mill  Streets,  Germantown, 
Philadelphia. 

Richard  A.  Cleeman,  M.  D.,  340  South  Twenty-first  Street, 
Philadelphia. 

Isaac  H.  Clothier,  80 1  Market  Street,  Philadelphia. 

George  M.  Coates,  127  Market  Street,  Philadelphia. 

A.  M.  Collins,  527  Arch  Screet,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  W.  D.  Comegys,  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadelphia. 

Howard  Comfort,  529  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 

John  H.  Converse,  500  North  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Walter  Cope,  Main  Street,  Corner  Upsal,  Germantown, 
Philadelphia. 

John  F.  Craig,  143  South  Front  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  P.  Cresson,  224  South  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Ida  Cushman,  1340  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Alice  Cushman,  1 340  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Francis  T.  S.  Darley,  1118  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


47 

Eugene  Delano,  Fourth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 
Mrs.  Samuel  Dickson,  901  Clinton  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Charles  T.  Dissel,  3307  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Hamilton  Disston,  Broad  and  Jefferson  Streets,  Philadelphia. 
Thomas  Dolan,  Hancock  and  Oxford  Streets,  Philadelphia. 
Dalton  Dorr,  2104  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Anthony  J.  Drexel,  34  South  Third  Street,  Philadelphia. 


J.  L.  Erringer,  Manheim  Street,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 
Lincoln  L.  Eyre,  315  South  Sixteenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 


George  H.  Fisher,  1311  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Edwin  H.  Fitler,  23  North  Water  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Simon  Fleisher,  2030  Green  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  G.  Foulke,  Wayne  Street,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 

W.  W.  Frazier,  Front  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Cornelia  Frothingham,  2035  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Furness,  1429  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Philip  C.  Garrett,  Logan  Station,  Philadelphia. 

Henry  C.  Gibson,  1612  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  E.  D.  Gillespie,  250  South  Twenty-first  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 

James  M.  Gillilan,  1613  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  W.  J.  Gillingham,  973  North  Eleventh  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 

J.  E.  Gillingham,  3 1 1  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Stephen  Greene,  27  South  Fifth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Thomas  H.  Green,  731  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Clement  A.  Griscom,  307  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Miss  Buelah  M.  Hacker,   116  South  Twenty-second  Street, 

Philadelphia. 

Daniel  Haddock,  Jr.,  806  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.  George  W.  Hall,  1131  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 
A.  R.  Hall,  709  Market  Street,  Philadelphia. 


48 

Mrs.  Edwin  L.  Hall,  3919  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Anna  Hallowell,  908  Clinton  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Emily  Hallowell,  908  Clinton  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Cornelia  Hancock,  309  Branch  Street,  Philadelphia 

Mrs.  Robert  Harford  Hare,  2031  De  Lancey  Place,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Hon.  J.  I.  Clark  Hare,  1 18  South  Twenty-second  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Joseph  S.  Harris,  School  Lane,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Alfred  C.  Harrison,  1616  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Byerly  Hart,  108  South  Twenty-first  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  S.  Head,  Green  Street,  Germantown,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Morton  P.  Henry,  2200  St.  James  Place,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Addie  S.  Hover,  713  Filbert  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Herbert  M.  Howe,  1606  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  A.  Hutchinson,  1617  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Professor  James  Hyslope,  Columbia  College,  New  York  City. 


Miss  Irwin,  1834  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Dr.  Louis  Jack,  1533  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Professor  E.  J.  James,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Miss  Janney,  Ogontz,  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  M.  Jastrow,  65  West  Upsal  Street,  Philadelphia. 

H.  L.  Jayne,  Nineteenth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Horace  Jayne,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  E.  C.  Jayne,  242  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  W.  Justice,  Manheim  Street,  Germantown,  Philadel- 
phia. 


Dr.  W.  W.  Keen,  1729  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Miss  Florence  Kelly,  New  Century  Club,  Philadelphia. 
Hon.  Joseph    P.  Kennedy,  209  South    Sixth  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 


49 

Mrs.  George  W.  Kendrick,  Jr.,  3507  Baring  Street,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Franklin  Kirkbride,  1406  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Edward  C.  Knight,  Water  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 
R.  Koradi,  1502  Green  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Henry  C.  Lea,  2000  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Philip  Leidy,  526  Marshall  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  Godfrey  Leland,  220  South  Broad  Street,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Edward  Lewis,  Cor.  Thirty-third  Street  and  Powelton  Avenue, 
Philadelphia. 

Dr.  F.  W.  Lewis,  2016  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Enoch  Lewis,  233  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Dundas  Lippincott,  509  South  Broad  Street,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Mrs.  Joshua  Lippincott,  1333  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

J.  Dundas  Lippincott,  400  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

E.  Dunbar  Lockwood,  251  South  Third  Street,  Philadelphia. 

James  Long,  Union  Trust  Company,  Philadelphia. 

Morris  Longstreth,  M.  D.,  1416  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Colonel  William  Ludlow,  2215  St.  James  Place,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Charles  M.  Lukens,  East  Walnut  Lane,  Germantown, 
Philadelphia. 


Thomas  MacKellar,  606  Sansom  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Wayne  MacVeagh,  1603  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  John  Markoe,  201 1  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Richard  S.   Mason,  School  Lane,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 

Rev.  Joseph  May,  1306  Pine  Street,  Philadelphia. 

H.  Pratt  McKean,  1923  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Meredith,  233  South  Thirteenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

H.  W.  Middleton,  945  Ridge  Avenue,  Philadelphia. 

C.  W.  Middleton,  945  Ridge  Avenue,  Philadelphia. 

L.  W.  Miller,  1709  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

E.  Coppee  Mitchell,  518  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


50 

Mrs.   Lucretia  M.  B.  Mitchell,  5012  Elm  Avenue,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Miss  Morais,  546  North  Fifth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Mrs.  Mumford,  1401  North  Seventeenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
J.  P.  Mumford,  Bank  of  the  Republic,  Philadelphia. 
John  Mundell,  119  North  Thirteenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Nathan  Myers,  426  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Miss  Pauline  Neidhard,  1511  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 
George  M.  Newhall,  225  Church  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Isaac  Norris,  M.  D.,  1424  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


S.  Davis  Page,  289  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Robert  E.  Pattison,  Overbrook,  Philadelphia. 

James  W.  Paul,  Jr.,  Fifth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

Judge  William  S.  Peirce,  1032  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Pendleton,  1522  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  Pepper,  M.  D.,  1811  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  Boies  Penrose,  1331  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  Platt,  232  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  E.  Pugh,  233  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Robert  Ralston,  233  South  Thirteenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Francis  Rawle,  402  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Henry  Reed,  Northeast  Corner  Eighteenth  and  Spruce  Streets, 

Philadelphia. 

Charles  D.  Reed,  261  North  Sixth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Professor  G.  I.  Riche,  Central  High  School,  Philadelphia. 
George  B.  Roberts,  233  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Miss  Robins,  1 1 10  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Joseph  G.  Rosengarten,  1532  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 


Dallas  Sanders,  410  South  Fifteenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Miss  Emily  Sartain,  1346  North  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Coleman  Sellers,  3301  Baring  Street,  Philadelphia. 
William  Sellers,  1600  Hamilton  Street,  Philadelphia. 


J.  B.  Sheppard,  Jr.,  2019  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Edward  Shippen,  532  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Shoemaker,  Fifteenth  and  Race  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

William  M.  Singerly,  Record  Building,  Philadelphia. 

Andrew  J.  Sloan,  1012  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  Smith,  303  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Charles  E.  Smith,  702  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Joseph  P.  Sinnott,  4228  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Lindley  Smyth,  431  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

James  Spear,  1014  Market  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Henry  M.  Steel,  McKean  Avenue,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 

Daniel  Steinmetz,  501  Commerce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Samuel  Sternberger,  720  North  Twentieth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

John  S.  Stevens,  3913  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.   Cornelius   Stevenson,    124  South  Twenty -third   Street, 

Philadelphia. 
J.  C.  Strawb'ridge,  Eighth  and  Market  Streets,  Philadelphia. 


George  C.  Thomas,  Fifth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia. 
Professor  R.  E.  Thompson,  Central  High  School,  Philadelphia. 
Samuel  G.  Thompson,  1630  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Henry  Tilge,  306  New  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Charlemagne  Tower,  228  South  Seventh  Street,  Philadelphia. 
George  M.  Troutman,  109  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 


C.  E.  Vollmer,  628  North  Tenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
A.  W.  Von  Utassy,  Green  and  Harvey  Streets,  Germantown, 
Philadelphia. 


Samuel  Wagner,  251  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Louis  Wagner,  218  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 
W.  G.  Warden,  School  Lane,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 
Redwood  Warner,  School  Lane,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 
William  Waterall,  200  North  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Miss  Edith  Wetherill,  1413  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 
C.  N.  Weygandt,  1 24  Tulpehocken  Street,  Germantown,  Phila- 
delphia. 


52 

Mrs.  Charles  Wheeler,  Walnut  Street,  below  Nineteenth,  Phila- 
delphia. 

James  Whitall,  9  East  Penn  Street,  Germantown,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  J.  William  White,  218  South  Sixteenth  Street,  Philadel- 
phia. 

James  S.  Whitney,  1815  Vine  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  James  S.  Whitney,  1815  Vine  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  B.  Whitney,  East  Walnut  Lane,  Germantown,  Phila- 
delphia. 

Ellis  D.  Williams,  323  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Albert  B.  Williams,  323  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  H.  W.  Williams,  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 

Talcott  Williams,  331  South  Sixteenth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Talcott  Williams,  331  South  Sixteenth  Street,  Philadel- 
phia. 

I.  V.  Williamson,  30  Bank  Street,  Philadelphia. 

De  Forrest  Willard,  M.  D.,  1601  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

William  W.  Wiltbank,  400  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

W.  Macpherson  Wiltbank,  400  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

David  S.  Wiltberger,  1612  Wallace  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Henry  Winsor,  338  South  Delaware  Avenue,  Philadelphia. 

Mrs.  Owen  Jones  Wister,  Butler  Place,  Green  Lane  Station. 

Mrs.  Caspar  Wister,  1303  Arch  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Langhorne  Wister,  257  South  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Dillwyn  Wister,  4763  Wayne  Avenue,  Germantown,  Philadel- 
phia. 

Miss  Mary  C.  Wister,  1007  Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Stuart  Wood,  400  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Walter  Wood,  400  Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

George  Wood,  1239  North  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Richard  Wood,  1620  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

James  A.  Wright,  305  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia. 

F.  Stuart  Wyeth,  1511  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 

F.  H.  Wyeth,  1912  Locust  Street,  Philadelphia. 


55 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


TY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


DC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


L13 
P96H2 


